Development of the FKR-2 began in 1954, and it was first tested in 1959. Development of the P-35B was authorized on 16 August 1960 with the first test firing in September 1963. The system was accepted into service on 11 August 1966. The P-5S (SSC-1A) is based on the submarine-launched P-5K (SS-N-3C) land-attack cruise missile whereas the P-35B (SSC-1B) is based on the ship-launched P-35 (SS-N-3B) anti-ship missile. The P-5S cruises at a high altitude whereas the cruise altitude of the P-35 can be set as 400, 4,000 or 7,000 meters. The P-35 is tracked in flight by radar and guidance commands are sent to the missile based on the radar image it transmits to the ground station via a video data link. Development of the improved 3M44 coastal defense missile that can use targeting data from Tu-95RTs or Tu-16D aircraft or a Ka-25Ts helicopter began in 1974. The missile also features improved ECCM characteristics, reduced terminal flight altitude, and new rocket boosters. Tests of the 3M44 began in 1976, and it was accepted into service in 1982.
Both missiles are transported in and launched from a long cylindrical container mounted on a ZIL-135K or a later BAZ-135MB 8x8 wheeled chassis. Crew consists of 5 men and time into action is about 30 minutes. Before launch four hydraulic stabilization jacks are lowered, the hemispherical end covers of the launch tube are removed to top-mounted tables and the container is elevated to an angle of 20 degrees. The coastal defense version of the TEL features a longer driver's cab. A Redut (SSC-1B) brigade consists of three battalions, each with five to six batteries. In 1988 there were 6 Redut battalions in the Soviet Baltic Fleet, 3 battalions in the Northern Fleet, 5 battalions in the Black Sea Fleet and 5 battalions in the Pacific Fleet. The Redut system has been exported to Angola, Bulgaria and Syria.
The Utes fixed system was developed on the basis of the Redut as a replacement of the fixed Sopka (SSC-2B) batteries. The first test launch was conducted on 30 May 1971 and the system entered service on 28 April 1973. The firing battery consists of MRSTs-1 Uspekh-U data link, 4R46 Mys radar with Parol IFF, a command center, and trainable twin tube launchers. Two Utes batteries were constructed: Object 100 near Sevastopol became operational in 1973 and Object 101 on the island of Kildin in the Kola Peninsula became operational in two parts in 1976 and 1983. The latter has now been partially disbanded.
The FKR-1 and S-2 were based on the air-launched KS-1 (AS-1) anti-ship missile that in turn was based on the MiG-15 and MiG-17 jet fighters. The development of the land-attack FKR-1 began in May 1954, and it was accepted into service in March 1957. The coastal defense S-2 was accepted into service on 19 December 1958. The tactical support FKR-1 operated by the Air Force was launched from its transport trailer that formed a long semi-fixed ramp whereas the anti-ship S-2 was launched from a four-wheeled rail-type launcher. Both missiles were transported on one-axle semitrailers. The anti-ship S-2 had larger nose radar but a smaller fin-top antenna than the FKR-1. The FKR-1 cruised at an altitude of 600 to 1,200 meters, and the S-2 at an altitude of 400 meters.
A fixed Sopka coastal battery was constructed near Sevastopol beginning in 1954. The site, codenamed Object 100, became operational in July 1957. Radar equipment consisted of Mys surveillance radar, S-1M guidance radar, and Burun tracking radar. The S-2 was exported to Bulgaria, China, Cuba, East Germany, Egypt, North Korea, Poland and Rumania, and was later manufactured in Poland.
The development of the Rubezh system began in 1970 to supplement the Redut (SSC-1B) with a more compact, short-ranged system. The Rubezh uses the same P-15M missile with folding delta wings and a triform rudder and tail as the ship-launched SS-N-2C. The IR terminal seeker has the designation Snegir-M. The cruise altitude of the missile can be set as 25, 50 or 250 meters before launch, and the missile performs a pop-up manoeuvre in the terminal phase. The launch vehicle is based on a MAZ-543M 8x8 wheeled chassis and carries two KT-161 missile tubes, usually with one radar- and one IR-guided missile, and a command shelter with a generator and Garpun radar. The radar is mounted on a 7.3 meter high elevatable mast and has a detection range of 40 to 100 km. Crew consists of 6 men and time into action is about 5 minutes. The missile transporter/loader vehicle is based on a KrAZ-255B 6x6 truck chassis and carries two reload missiles. It may be possible to use a long-range surveillance radar installed on the 40V6 elevatable mast from the S-300P (SA-10) SAM with the system. A Rubezh brigade consists of three battalions, each with three batteries. The Rubezh system has been exported to Algeria, Bulgaria, Cuba, East Germany, Libya, Rumania, Syria, Yemen and Yugoslavia. The Rubezh-E export variant uses the P-21 or P-22 missile.
The development of the RK-55 began in December 1976 alongside the air-launched Kh-55 (AS-15) and submarine-launched S-10 (SS-N-21) cruise missiles. All were based on the US Tomahawk, the blueprints of which the Soviets acquired at an early design stage. The RK-55 shared its design with the S-10 and was intended to be a nuclear strike weapon for the Eurasian theater to complement the Pioner (SS-20) missile. The missile cruised at an altitude of 40 to 200 meters and had a CEP of about 150 meters. Its turbofan engine was developed by Soyuz KB. The launch vehicle was based on a MAZ-543M (MAZ-7910) 8x8 truck chassis and carried six missile tubes. 84 missiles and six launch vehicles had been produced by November 1987: all were subsequently eliminated in accordance with the INF treaty. Had the missile system been deployed, it would probably have followed operational procedures similar to those of the Pioner IRBM.
The development of the Meteorit-N was ordered in December 1976 alongside the Meteorit-A (AS-X-19) and Meteorit-M (SS-NX-24) advanced cruise missiles. The air-launched version was cancelled in 1984 and the submarine-launched version in 1989 after severe development difficulties. The TERCOM system was designed by a different bureau than that of the Kh-55. The Meteorit-N was to be a long range supersonic high altitude land-attack cruise missile. It was intended as a nuclear strike weapon for the Eurasian theater to complement the Pioner (SS-20) and RK-55 (SSC-X-4) missiles. The SSC-X-5 DoD designation was later allocated to the Bastion coastal defense system.
The development of the 3M55 fourth-generation anti-ship missile for multiple basing modes began in the early 1980s. It has a nose air intake for the ramjet engine with a diffusor cone, the cone assembly housing the radar antenna, electronics, and warhead. The 4,000 kg thrust kerosene fuelled ramjet engine has an integral solid-propellant rocket booster that is discarded after use, a similar arrangement to that used on the P-270 missile. The missile has RAM coating and a radar warning receiver. The 3M55 can either travel its entire flight path at low altitude, or it can first climb to an altitude of 14-15 kilometers for target acquisition and then dive in low for the terminal phase. During terminal phase the missile flies at an altitude of 10-15 metres.
Each launch vehicle based on a MZKT-7930 8x8 truck chassis carries three missiles in sealed launch containers that are enclosed by protective covers somewhat similar to those of the Iskander SRBM. The launch battery can be located up to 50 kilometers inland, and is capable of 30 days autonomous operation with a special maintenance vehicle. It can reach launch readiness in five minutes after arrival at deployment location. A launch battery can contain a maximum of 12 TELs. Target data can be provided by a helicopter in addition to coastal radar sites. A fixed version of the system is also offered, consisting of up to 36 missiles in hardened launch silos and a control center.
The Bal has been in development since April 1984 alongside the air-launched Kh-35 (AS-20) and ship-launched SS-N-25 anti-ship missiles. The missile is built mainly of aluminium and has folding wings and tail fins. Its ARGS-35 active radar seeker has been developed by Leninets. The 3M24 cruises at an altitude of 5-10 meters, reducing to 3-5 meters during the terminal phase, and it can sink ships of up to 5,000 tons displacement. The launch vehicle carries eight missile tubes and a command post that houses the crew of six. The transporter/reloader vehicle has eight reloads with a 9 ton crane and a crew of two. The combat control vehicle has acquisition radar in the rear, a crew compartment in the middle, and an equipment compartment in the forward part. Two control vehicles can use their radars in a passive mode to detect targets. Initially the vehicles were based on MAZ-543M 8x8 wheeled chassis, but it has now been replaced by the new MZKT-7930 8x8 wheeled chassis. The vehicles are equipped with gas-turbine generators for power supply. The first operational Bal battery is to be delivered to the Kamchatka peninsula in 2006.
Some coastal defense missiles have not received USA/NATO designations.
| Alfa | Mobile coastal missile system. Naval version is SS-NX-27. |
| Granit | Fixed coastal missile system. |
| Shtorm | Fixed coastal missile system. |